Political ideologies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Political belief systems - Article Example Engel was the main client of this expression, and not even once by Marx. He utilized it in a private epistle to Franz Mehring in 1893. In this letter he needed to discuss how practically no exertion was put resources into pondering the impact of the perspective in deciding social activity. He and individual scholars had just idea of the opposite. Bogus awareness alludes to the information that a regular workers character ought to have however are yet to have because of absence of thought of how they ought to be paid, their working conditions, their privileges and benefits (Lukacs 4). Essentially it is the absence of information on one’s own eventual benefits. Altruism is a type of bogus awareness. It is compared to working for nothing yet one is qualified for pay just as benefits since one is ready to deal with that specific employment. That one is required by the proprietor of the method of creation yet neglects to see the way that since they are required, they ought to get a compensation, as pay for the work as well as benefits to guarantee that they are ever accessible and to make their life as agreeable as conceivable with the end goal for them to embrace their booked assignment as effectively and regarding the greatest benefit reachable. Lukã ¡cs presented this thought during the 1920s with an offer to understand ‘how come the regular workers is made of the less of social revolutionaries.’ ... mployer ought to guarantee he has medical coverage, or his compensation might be excessively low contrasted with the measure of work, and if there should be an occurrence of blunders as a result of being human, and not conscious damage, his compensation is sheltered from conclusions. A paralegal who works in the documents is likewise qualified for a similar medical advantages as those of the lawful bosses she works for. The residue id risky and the working hours are long for somebody who is on their feet seventy five percent of the time. That because of the way that they know the substance and area of the documents, they also are required and their compensation has the right to mirror that. 2. Explicitly how has mechanical multiplication bargained our capacity to think basically? (Walter Benjamin) Mechanical multiplication removes the legitimacy of workmanship. It no longer turns into the property of the first artiste yet is the fate of the majority. They get the opportunity to posse ss the item despite the fact that they didn't add to its organization, neither did they add to its imaginative works. Mechanical multiplication additionally removes the independence of the fine art itself. It seizes to be the just one of its sort and it turns into a large scale manufacturing which anybody can have at their will. This lessens its trade esteem and hence the work of art turns out to be less of a fascination in own. The mechanical proliferation of a photo of a human model or entertainer, for instance, loses an incentive as it is moved starting with one individual then onto the next from the first picture taker. The thoughts of the first picture taker are scattered all through and they become less fascinating when seen too often. In the event that a specific organization needs to utilize that image and they happen to discover it available for use, they will need to utilize an image that has never been seen by general society. Regardless, they needed to establish a connec tion that was extraordinary to

Radiocarbon Dating - Reliable but Misunderstood

Radiocarbon Dating - Reliable however Misunderstood Radiocarbon dating is extraordinary compared to other realized archeological dating procedures accessible to researchers, and the numerous individuals in the overall population have at any rate known about it. Yet, there are numerous confusions about how radiocarbon functions and how dependable a method it is. Radiocarbon dating was designed during the 1950s by the American scientific expert Willard F. Libby and a couple of his understudies at the University of Chicago: in 1960, he won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development. It was the main total logical strategy at any point designed: in other words, the procedure was the first to permit an analyst to decide to what extent back a natural article passed on, regardless of whether it is in setting or not. Short of a date stamp on an article, it is as yet the best and generally exact of dating methods concocted. How Does Radiocarbon Work? Every single living thing trade the gas Carbon 14 (C14) with the environment around them-creatures and plants trade Carbon 14 with the air, fish and corals trade carbon with broke up C14 in the water. For the duration of the life of a creature or plant, the measure of C14 is consummately offset with that of its environmental factors. At the point when a living being bites the dust, that balance is broken. The C14 in a dead creature gradually rots at a known rate: its half life. The half-existence of an isotope like C14 is the time it takes for half of it to rot away: in C14, like clockwork, half of it is no more. In this way, in the event that you measure the measure of C14 in a dead living being, you can make sense of to what extent back it quit trading carbon with its climate. Given generally perfect conditions, a radiocarbon lab can quantify the measure of radiocarbon precisely in a dead creature for up to 50,000 years back; from that point forward, theres insufficient C14 left to gauge. Tree Rings and Radiocarbon There is an issue, be that as it may. Carbon in the climate changes with the quality of earths attractive field and sun oriented movement. You need to realize what the barometrical carbon level (the radiocarbon supply) resembled at the hour of a life forms demise, so as to have the option to figure how much time has gone since the living being kicked the bucket. What you need is a ruler, a solid guide to the supply: at the end of the day, a natural arrangement of items that you can safely nail a date to, measure its C14 substance and along these lines build up the standard repository in a given year. Luckily, we do have a natural item that tracks carbon in the environment on a yearly premise: tree rings. Trees keep up carbon 14 harmony in their development rings-and trees produce a ring for consistently they are alive. Despite the fact that we dont have any 50,000-year-old trees, we do have covering tree ring hampers to 12,594 years. In this way, at the end of the day, we have an entirely strong approach to adjust crude radiocarbon dates for the latest 12,594 years of our planets past. In any case, before that, lone fragmentary information is accessible, making it extremely hard to conclusively date anything more established than 13,000 years. Dependable assessments are conceivable, yet with enormous/ - factors. The Search for Calibrations As you would envision, researchers have been endeavoring to find other natural items that can be dated safely consistently since Libbys revelation. Other natural informational indexes analyzed have included varves (layers in sedimentary stone which were set down every year and contain natural materials, profound sea corals, speleothems (cavern stores), and volcanic tephras; however there are issues with every one of these strategies. Cavern stores and varves can possibly incorporate old soil carbon, and there are up 'til now uncertain issues with fluctuating measures of C14 in sea corals. Starting during the 1990s, an alliance of scientists drove by Paula J. Reimer of the CHRONO Center for Climate, the Environment and Chronology, at Queens University Belfast, started constructing a broad dataset and adjustment instrument that they originally called CALIB. Since that time, CALIB, presently renamed IntCal, has been refined a few timesas of this composition (January 2017), the program is currently called IntCal13. IntCal joins and fortifies information from tree-rings, ice-centers, tephra, corals, and speleothems to think of an altogether improved adjustment set for c14 dates somewhere in the range of 12,000 and 50,000 years prior. The most recent bends were approved at the 21st International Radiocarbon Conference in July of 2012. Lake Suigetsu, Japan Inside the most recent couple of years, another potential hotspot for additional refining radiocarbon bends is Lake Suigetsu in Japan. Lake Suigetsus every year framed residue hold definite data about ecological changes in the course of recent years, which radiocarbon pro PJ Reimer accepts will be on a par with, and maybe better than, tests centers from the Greenland Ice Sheet. Analysts Bronk-Ramsay et al. report 808 AMS dates dependent on silt varves estimated by three distinctive radiocarbon research facilities. The dates and relating natural changes guarantee to make direct connections between's other key atmosphere records, permitting analysts, for example, Reimer to finely align radiocarbon dates between 12,500 to the functional furthest reaches of c14 dating of 52,800. Constants and Limits Reimer and associates call attention to that IntCal13 is only the most recent in alignment sets, and further refinements are not out of the ordinary. For instance, in IntCal09s adjustment, they found proof that during the Younger Dryas (12,550-12,900 cal BP), there was a shutdown or if nothing else a lofty decrease of the North Atlantic Deep Water development, which was without a doubt an impression of environmental change; they needed to toss out information for that period from the North Atlantic and utilize an alternate dataset. We should see some intriguing outcomes with regards to the not so distant future. Sources and Further Information Bronk Ramsey C, Staff RA, Bryant CL, Brock F, Kitagawa H, Van der Plicht J, Schlolaut G, Marshall MH, Brauer A, Lamb HF et al. 2012. A total earthbound radiocarbon record for 11.2 to 52.8 kyr B.P. Science 338:370-374.Reimer PJ. 2012. Barometrical science. Refining the radiocarbon time scale. Science 338(6105):337-338.Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Buck CE, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Friedrich M et al. . 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0â€50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869â€1887.Reimer P, Baillie M, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck J, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Buck C, Burr G, Edwards R et al. 2009. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age alignment bends, 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51(4):1111-1150.Stuiver M, and Reimer PJ. 1993. Expanded C14 information base and changed Calib 3.0 c14 age adjustment program. Radiocarbon 35(1):215-230.

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week Which School Has the Highest Average Percentage of Women

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week Which School Has the Highest Average Percentage of Women Although quantifying a school’s profile certainly does not tell you everything, it can sometimes be helpful in simplifying the many differences between the various MBA programs. Each week, we bring you a chart to help you decide which of the schools’ strengths speak to you. The underrepresentation of women in business school has been both an enduring problem and a hotly disputed issue in recent years. The fact that far fewer women enroll in MBA programs each year than men is likely reflective of wage gaps and systemic inequalities in the business world more broadly. Multiple explanations have been posited for this gender disparity among MBAs, from divergent ethical world views between men and women to institutional discrimination that may predispose business schools to “ignore” their female students. In any case, if you are a woman pursuing an MBA and targeting the traditionally male-dominated world of business, choosing a supportive program may be an important consideration. The number of women enrolled in business school fluctuates year-to-year, with females typically constituting slightly more than one-third of each incoming class. Averaging the figures for the top-ranked programs from 2011 to 2015, we see that UPenn Wharton comes out significantly ahead, averaging a 41.8% female representation for the past five years. In contrast, UC-Berkeley Haas stands at the bottom of our list, with women accounting for only 29.6% of each class, on average. However, consulting the female representation percentage of a school’s most recent incoming class(es) may provide only a superficial way of gauging the program’s support of female studentsâ€"though the factor is nonetheless relevant. For more detail about clubs, networking opportunities, and social programs for women and other underrepresented groups at the leading MBA programs, see our mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet B-School Charts

The Role of Audit in the Collapse of Enron and Lehman Brother

Hamza Ahmad Hamza Ahmad Hamza Ahmad STUDENT ID: W12302464 Hamza Ahmad STUDENT ID: W12302464 Advanced Audit Course work Advanced Audit Course work Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 3 CHANGES IN REGULATIONS 3 CHALLENGES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 4 RESPONDING TO THE CHANGES 4 Research Studies 4 Response to Surbanes-Oxley Act 5 Response to the European Commission’s proposals 6 Enron Failure 6 Arthur Andersen failure 6 Lehman Brothers failure 6 Ernst amp; Young failure 7 Detection of fraud 7 Going Concern 7 MINIMISING LITIGATION RISK 7 Obstruction of Justice 8 Consultancy service 8 Conservative Audit 8 Conclusion 8 References 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the UK, European Union and the†¦show more content†¦(ICAEW 2009). CGAA further concluded that there was little clear evidence that joint provision of audit and NAS had in fact compromised auditor independence. Nevertheless, CGAA recommended ‘tougher and clearer safeguards to ensure that join provision of audit and non-audit services does not undermine auditor independence in fact or appearance’. This was to be achieved by independent setting of auditors’ ethical standards and an enhanced role for audit committees in overseeing auditor independence and NAS provision. (ICAEW 2009). In Europe and other parts of the world, auditing came under severe scrutiny which led to the European commission issuing a Recommendation on auditor independence in 2002 which included restrictions on auditors providing several non-audit services (European Commission, 2002). In addition to this an organisation was created for regular inspection of public interest audit in 2004 by the newly established Professional Oversight Board for Accountancy (FRC, 2009). Other regulations introduced included the EU Green Paper which aims to ensure that investors can rely on the accuracy of the audited accounts and to enhance the EU’s protection against the type of scandals that occurred in companies such and Parmalat and Ahold (i.e. cases of fraud not discovered by the auditors). To make matter even more complicated in 2004 the Auditing Practices Board (APB, 2004) issued Ethical Standard 5Show MoreRelatedThe Roles Of Auditing And Assurance Services1397 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The role accounting firms played in the last financial crisis raised questions about the legitimacy of auditing and assurance services. Auditors, who are considered independent and are supposed to provide reliable information to financial statement users, played a major part in the financial institutions’ crisis. 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Independent auditing has been an important part of theRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081419 Words   |  6 Pagesagreed that this is a â€Å"one in fifty years event†, however the latest Great Recession is not a typical cyclical recession of the World Economy and no doubt will last for more that usual two years (Business Wire, Reuters). The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. (M. N. BailyRead MoreThe Great Depression And The Glass Steagall Act1683 Words   |  7 PagesLehman Brothers was founded by German immigrant Henry Lehman and his two brothers Emanuel and M ayer in 1850. 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The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. (M. N. BailyRead MoreEnron Research Paper3111 Words   |  13 PagesTHE COLLAPSE OF ENRON amp; THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SARBANES OXLEY ACT BY TREVOR GARRETT 02/25/2011 Abstract Enron Corporation was one of the largest energy trading, natural gas and Utilities Company in the world that was based in Huston, Texas. The downfall of Enron is one of the most infamous and shocking events in the financial world, and its reverberations were felt around the globe. Prior to its collapse in 2001, Enron was one of the leading companies in the U.S and considered amongRead MoreU.s. Sarbanes Oxley Act1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe world has witnessed a series of corporate bankruptcies in the recent decades like Enron, Lehman Brothers Inc, Global Crossings, and Tyco in the USA; HIH in Australia, Parmalat in Italy, APP in Asia, and Islamic bank Ltd. of South Africa. These collapses have weakened and shaken the confidence of shareholders, debtors, governmental institutions, and other similar relevant stakeholders in corporate governance (CG) and the stock markets, and led to regulating many reforms and codes of best governanceRead MoreCase Study Enron Scandal5642 Words   |  23 PagesCASE 3 Enron: Questionable Accounting Leads to Collapse Once upon a time, there was a gleaming headquarters office tower in Houston, with a giant Tilted ―Eâ€â€" in front, slowly revolving in the Texas sun. Enron‘s suggested to Chinese feng shui practitioner Meihwa Lin a model of instability, which was perhaps an omen of things to come. The Enron Corporation, which once ranked among the top Fortune 500 companies, collapsed in 2001 under a mountain of debt that had been concealed through a complex scheme

Questions On Anxiety Disorders And Mental Health Project

Kelsey Crooks Mental Health Project Fall 2016 Central Louisiana Technical Community College Index Anxiety Disorders Week 1 Generalized†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 3 Panic†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 7 Phobia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Page 11 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Definition Worries about money, family problems and health on an extreme level. Most have trouble going through with everyday tasks. Always thinking the worst that bad things will happen. Constantly on edge. Causes Unknown Researchers suggest it’s like an escape to distract one from deeper troubles. Researches are still searching for answers from possible triggers such as stress and environmentals factors. Risk Factors Possible genetics Women are more likely to develop than men According to Medline Plus: Signs and Symptoms Trouble with relaxing Worry constantly about everyday things Trouble with focusing Easily startled Constant headaches, body aches, and unexplained pains Dysphagia Urinate frequently Irritable Slight twitching and trembles Treatment Normally treated with psychotherapy, medications, and sometimes both. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a type of psychotherapy. It helps the patient learn how to react differently to situations that make him or her nervous so they feel at ease or less stressed than before. Two types of medications include antidepressants and anti-anxiety Antidepressants May take several weeks to be effective for treatmentShow MoreRelatedThe Connection Between Stressors And Mental Illnesses1262 Words   |  6 PagesSpecific Aims Cases of mental illness in colleges are growing. There is a increasing number of students in colleges, and with that an increasing number of students developing a mental illness. The hypothesis is that first year students from low income and lower social statuses are developing serious mental illnesses as a result of the high demands of college course loads and as a result are relying on dangerous methods of coping. The project will focus on the following: The connection betweenRead MoreUsing Generalized Anxiety Disorder?1180 Words   |  5 Pagesexample of what someone with Generalized Anxiety Disorder may go through on a daily business every moment during their day. The topics that are going to be covered in this paper are what is GAD and what are the signs and symptoms, how does GAD affect the ability to perform normal activities of daily living, and an overall summary with my assigned individual at SDC for his Intensive Learning Project. What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder â€Å"Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessiveRead MoreObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Ocd) Is Known As The Incessant1048 Words   |  5 PagesObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is known as the incessant of distressing thoughts or images which is known to be the (obsessions) or overt or convert the behaviors (or the mental rituals) that are aimed to help reduce anxiety (compulsions). This disorder has an effect on 1-2% of children and adults, that ranges up to 80% for adults that report of having symptoms onset prior to the young age of 18 years. It’s is known that without the appropriate type of intervention, the symptoms of OCD haveRead MoreAre Mental Disorders Biological Or Environmental?1410 Words   |  6 Pages Are mental disorders biological or environmental? For years the nurture versus nature debate has been argued by people around the world. Mental disorders are one of the main topics discussed among these people. Mental disorders apply to many mental health conditions that can affect someone’s emotions, logic, and attitude. According to The Kim Foundation, 26.2 percent of Americans who are 18 or older suffer from a mental disorder. The reason for the development of mental disorders is stillRead MoreEffects Of Long Term Incarceration On Prisoners900 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral area of investigation The topic I am exploring is the effects of long-term incarceration on prisoner’s mental and psychological state. Many individuals believe that long- term incarceration and the conditions of prisons have negatively affected inmates psychologically and mentally. It has been discovered that post-traumatic stress disorders and anxiety is shared between those who have been in prison for a long period or those who are adapted to prison life. (Garcia) Incarceration was createdRead MoreExploring the Therapeutic Effects of Yogic Techniques for Stress Management1284 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic I chose to focus on for my research Masters Project is â€Å"Exploring the therapeutic effects of yogic techniques for stress management†. I choose this topic because I am particularly interested in stress and anxiety-related mental and physical disorders with the use of yogic techniques. I also choose this topic as little is known about the beneficial effects of a yoga practice and s elf-care as an alternative to medication interventions. Within the area of Social Care, the use of yogic techniquesRead MoreEssay On Cam1470 Words   |  6 Pagesfor mean valid mood-disorder results. The proposed work promises to provide an important new tool for studying mood–disparities in real-world clinical diagnostic settings. CAMS will yielding clues to the mechanism of somatosensory-mood variance connections, and new information on the extent of translation of individual differences in the mood-autonomic relationship. In addition, we anticipate that this technology will be very useful to researchers wishing to determine mood-disorder comorbidity indexesRead MoreThe Uk System Is That Of Health Visitors1665 Words   |  7 Pagesthat of health visitors. Through the Healthy Child Programme and the Health Visiting Implementation Plan, the NHS provides new mothers and their families with additional support starting in the postpartum period and lasting through the childâ₠¬â„¢s first five years of life (Department of Health, 2011). 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Its frequency has resulted in the formation of many myths, questions, and connections with mental health disorders. This country is searching for answers and this research will be designed to uncover the secret truths of gun violence and mass murders. By performing studies and revealing their results, it is the purposes of the project to help authorities better

Rising Us Unemployment and the Canadian Dollar - 1609 Words

Is there a relationship between rising US unemployment and the rise of the Canadian dollar? Canada’s financial stability depends on the health of America’s economy, as international trade accounts for 45% of Canada’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 79% of exports are to the United States. Canadian and American unemployment rates are positively correlated for that reason, as exemplified in early 2009. Canada’s unemployment rate quickly steepened as the United States’ rate gradually increased to about 10% (refer to graph 1 and 2). During this time, Canada’s growing trade surplus became a deficit in only a few months (refer to graph 3). From this data, one can determine that Canada’s exports decreased rapidly due to rising economic†¦show more content†¦If consumer spending and exports decrease, Canada’s economy can decline simultaneously with the American economy. As mentioned above, international trade accounts for 45% of Canada’s GDP. On April 1, 2011, the loonie hit a three-year high after U.S. employm ent increased and the jobless rate decreased. The dollar increase from a decrease in U.S. unemployment exemplifies America and Canada’s trading partnership and coinciding economies. The strength of the U.S. economy is important for Canada’s trade, economy and exchange rate. Increasing U.S. unemployment can positively or negatively influence the value of the loonie. Canada’s dollar can increase due to demand from buyers looking to invest in a stable economy with low risk. On the other hand, Canada’s GDP is dependent on U.S. trade. If less Americans are purchasing goods in Canada due to increased unemployment, the Canadian dollar will fall. Therefore, it is inconclusive that unemployment rates solely influence the rise of the Canadian dollar. There are many other factors that influence the exchange rate, such as commodity prices, investor confidence, overvalued currency and inflation rates. Bibliography 50 Factors that Affect the Value of the US Dollar.† Currency Trading.net http://www.currencytrading.net/features/50-factors-that-affect-the-value-of-the-us-dollar/ (accessed September 17, 2011). Canada Balance of Trade. TradingEconomics.com.Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Rising Us Unemployment and the Canadian Dollar1632 Words   |  7 PagesIs there a relationship between rising US unemployment and the rise of the Canadian dollar? Canada’s financial stability depends on the health of America’s economy, as international trade accounts for 45% of Canada’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 79% of exports are to the United States. Canadian and American unemployment rates are positively correlated for that reason, as exemplified in early 2009. Canada’s unemployment rate quickly steepened as the United States’ rate gradually increased toRead MoreAssignment 11402 Words   |  6 Pagescountries are rising economies and that floating exchange rate systems allows currency values to reflect a nation’s economic fundamentals gradually and efficiently, I would say that they should allow their currencies to float freely. Advantages of freely floating exchange rate system are insulation form the inflation of other countries and from unemployment problems in other countries. However, freely floating exchange rate system can adversely affect a country that has high unemployment. ChapterRead More Canada and The Great Depression of the 1930s1378 Words   |  6 Pages1929-1939- The Great Depression The depression years of 1929 - 1939 proved to be the worst, and some of the best years for Canada and Canadians. It was a time of extreme highs and lows socially, emotionally, and economically. It was a time that Canada came into her own being on the world wide stage. During the worst depression years in Canada, there were many people who tried tirelessly to get Canada out of the crisis she was in more quickly and efficiently. William Aberhart and his group ofRead MoreThe Great Downfall By The 1920 S Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesincreased taxes on imported products were amongst the many reasons why Canadians thought they were on the right track. Then came the great downfall, by which both rich and poor suffered. Many Canadians were shaken from their core. The Great Depression was known to be the most disastrous decade in Canadian history, coming unannounced, with impacts on political, economical, and social aspects. Considering the amount of hardship Canadians were going through during The Great Depression, it seemed as thoughRead MoreEffects Of Lower Oil Prices On Canada s Economic Activity1520 Words   |  7 PagesPrice Index Falling oil prices leads to a fall in the price of gasoline which is derived from oil. Subsequently, consumption of gasoline rises as Canadians benefit from lower oil prices. In fact, The Conference Board of Canada (Bernard 2015)estimates that the average household would save close to $1000 in 2015. This has a direct impact on the Canadian total CPI basket in which gasoline account for about 5% of total CPI (Bartlett 2014). # (Bernard 2015) Although lower gasoline and consumer pricesRead MoreThe Prime Minister Of Canada1189 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2014 Pierre Elliot Trudeau, the 15th Prime Minister of Canada, was listed in CBC’s Top 10 list of Canadian Heroes; but was Trudeau really a hero? (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/top-10-canadian-heroes-list-includes-pierre-trudeau-jack-layton-1.2676398). Pierre Trudeau, born in Montreal in 1919, started out in politics as a layer in Quebec and as an activist in Quebec politics. In the 1960s Trudeau got involved in federal politics with the Liberal party. In 1968 he became the leader of the partyRead MoreCanada s Economy And The Economy1026 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, expanded a business into a new market also comes with high risks and potential losses. Major corporations such as Target have tried to enter the Canadian market, but ended up failing and losing profits. In this section, I will discuss economic conditions, business conditions, and risk s. Economic Conditions Canada is similar to the US in its market-oriented economic system, production, and standards of living. Canada’s economy grew steadily from 1993 through 2007; however, due to downturnsRead MoreGlobal Political Economy : International Business School3397 Words   |  14 PagesThreats 12 Exhibits 14 â€Æ' Executive Summary For the last 10 years, the Canada’s real GDP is increasing. This is not the only sign of a growing economy; the unemployment rate is decreasing as well. Foreign trade heavily sustains the Canadian economy; it accounts for 45% of the GDP. Canada is an open trade country, and thus its currency – the Canadian dollar – is a floating currency. After 1998, Canada also changed its intervention policy deciding for a discretionary intervention in only exceptional circumstancesRead MoreThe Canadian Economy : An Overview And Response1822 Words   |  8 PagesJimmy Yuan Kristen Kang CIA4UP March 4 2016 The Canadian Economy: An Overview and Response Canada’s wakeup call has arrived in the midst of economic decline. Canadian economic activity has been recently weaker than was anticipated due to a number of reasons. The falling loonie, low commodity prices, lower business investment and weakening employment performance have contributed to its failure. Although Canada’s fourth-quarter 2015 annualized Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate rose by 0.8%,Read MoreThe Economic And Economic Growth Of Chinas Economy1341 Words   |  6 Pagesof a lackluster 2015, GDP growth slowed to 1.5%. Confidence of investors and consumers was unable to make significant gains as a result of the Presidential election and global uncertainty. The outcome of the 2016 election had a great affect on the US economy and the fiscal and monetary policies that could be put in place. Uncertainty over taxes, regulations, and trade following the election have led to a slowdown of growth. Consumption and government spending both increased from the previous

Data Disaggregation and Operationalization †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Data Disaggregation and Operationalization. Answer: Introduction: It is evident that the data presented have shown a statistical trend in dissimilarities. The common top five causes of death among the two age groups are observable. The cause of death among the group is similar in between the groups. The top five causes of death include intentional self harm, assault and suicide, malignant neoplasms and diseases of the heart. These diseases are common for the younger generation and it is seen to be transmitted to the middle young generation of the age bracket of 25-35 years. Observable difference among the data is the lower bottom five differences that have shown dissimilarity. Among the younger age group of 20-24 years, congenital; malformations takes centre stage with a death rate of 0.8. This is followed by diabetes mellitus with a death rate of 0.6, both which are similar to influenza and pneumonia, pregnancy child birth and puerperium and chronic lower respiratory diseases. Among the 25-34 years old, chronic liver diseases take centre stage has a death rate of 1.7, while HIV has 1.3 death rates. There are similarities among HIV , cerebrovasuclar diseases, influenza pneumonia with a death rate of 1.3. The mortality statistics of unintentional harm, falls and suicidal case have increased in the past decade, with statistics showing that poisoning has gone up by 128%, while falls death increased to 71% while suicide case increased by 15%. Motor vehicle accidents have shown to declined in the past few years by 25%. However when ranked, suicide comes first, followed by motor vehicle traffic accidents, poisoning, accidental falls and finally homicides cases. While comparing the gender statistics it shows that female experience lower injury mortality than the male counterparts, (Peden et al., 2012). The increasing trends of intentional and intentional deaths have been shown to have spillover effect to the older generation. The characteristics of deaths and injuries occurring in the age bracket of 20-24 years have shown to spill over to the age bracket of 35-44 years as observed from the similarity in the trends shown. In both age groups it is evidence that mortality rates for the suicidal actions, poisoning and falls have increased substantially. Thus, affecting directly the population in both gender groups. When compared interdependently, it is noted that suicide has surpassed the motor vehicle accidents. Comprehensive traffic rules initiated have had a major impact in the reduction of traffic accidents mortality deaths. Homicidal cases have shown that there is similarity on age, gender and race. There is variation among the Hispanics and the whites. Hispanics and black males have indicated an increased in the relative risks which increases with age, (MacAnininch et al., 2014). Thus the injury mortality trend among the younger generation has shift upwards in the last decade. In this category there is increased rise in the rates associated with poisoning, falls and suicidal. The reason for this is the reduced sustainable safety measures which have significantly reduces over the past decade thus exacerbating the increasing trends in both groups, (WHO, 2011). This task seeks to evaluate the statistical evidence regarding racial and ethnic differences in mortality deaths in United States among two specific age group brackets that is 20-24 and 35-44 years of age. The statistical information replicated here is similar to the above on the causes of death; however narrow of focus will be the all races. The major groups that comprise the American population included in the statistical report include the African Americans, Hispanic, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders among other minority small groups. The mortality rates for the whites and the African Americans shows that the vital statistics and the census, indicate that the Black Death rates often are more prevalent than the white rates. There has been stiff competition on how the racial characteristics behave in terms of the vital characteristics. At younger ages the age specific death rates for the African American mix, have shown that the mortality rates exceeds the white rates in a ratio of 2:1 and there is gradual steady rise of narrowing of the age bracket. Currently, white mortality rates have been characteristically disadvantages the blacks in the middle ages which this trend has followed the relative increase in death rates compared to the white rates, (Kochanek, Arais Anderson,2013). This crossover effect has been attributed to the fact that survival for the fittest has taken centre stage. This indicates that the African American at younger ages have on adverse conditions faced various subjects to weakest members to high mortality incidences. Data suggest that individual races which have experienced the crossover effect have experienced unfavourable conditions in the early life tend to have experienced in elevated mortality later as years goes by, (Turra Elo, 2008). On a racial platform, black Americans have been observed as having the highest death rates among any of the Americas racial and ethnographic representation. In a wider part, this has been linked to the fact that inequalities and economic status, education and further their occupational jobs, which is linked to risks of mortality death rates. The racial differences with respect to mortality often persist in studies where those aged between 20-24 and 35-44 can be compared among individuals similar levels of income and security status. The blacks often have the disadvantage in that often the black race appears in all the major cases of death, which include those of heart diseases, cancer and stroke related deaths. However the disadvantage is that greatest death especially among the 35-44 is the HIV infection which is often at risks for the blacks at over estimate over seven times the risks associated with the white Americans. The death rates associated with American Indians are showing similar trends for the most cases; however they are substantially higher for the cirrhosis of the liver and for both intentional injuries like suicide and homicide cases. The Asian and pacific islanders and Hispanics by difference often show lower rates of mortality than the expected in the social economic status as seen in the united states, (Wallace Kulu, 2015). However, the death rates across the racial parameters have declined among the Hispanic, black and Asians/ pacific islanders among the American population. This is in line with the trends with other countries such as the Canada and UK. A comprehensive study undertaken shows that there is increase emergences of American Indians in United States. The declining rates of disease occurrences have been attributed to the fact that deaths in the age bracket of 35-44 years among the blocks, Hispanics and Asian pacific islanders were few in terms diseases such as heart diseases, HIV and Cancer however not included in the overall CDC list, (Botmann et al., 2004). This decline can be attributed to the fact that there has been a lot of effort among the public officers in an effort to reduce tobacco smoking and increase on the use of advance medical facilities. Also the whites experienced fewer deaths in terms of heart related diseases. However despite these tremendous efforts, there has been slow decline in terms of rates among the black men and the whites women. However, the overall mortality rates among the whites and the islanders pacific have been increased in the form of accidental deaths such as those of drug overdoses, suicidal attempts and liver associated diseases. In the age bracket of 20-24 years, the whites and islander pacific have experienced and observed an increased death rate which is higher that 2-5 % which is compared to other observed racial groupings of other US population, (Borell Crawford, 2008). Conclusion To conclude is that, there is wide variation of ethnic status with regard to ethnic mortality death as per the statistics of CDC. The ethnography of the individual indicates whether they are more prone to mortality to any allied cause of death. There is great variation in terms of death mortality among the different groups in the study findings. However there are other causes of mortality which cuts across the different racial group in USA population. References Bacong, A. M., Holub, C., Porotesano, L. (2016). Comparing Obesity-Related Health Disparities among Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, Asians, and Whites in California: Reinforcing the Need for Data Disaggregation and Operationalization. Hawai'i Journal of Medicine Public Health, 75(11), 337. Botman, S., Moriarity, C. L. (2000). Design and estimation for the national health interview survey, 1995-2004. Creanga, A. A., Berg, C. J., Syverson, C., Seed, K., Bruce, F. C., Callaghan, W. M. (2015). Pregnancy-related mortality in the United States, 20062010. Obstetrics Gynecology, 125(1), 5-12.. Kochanek, K. D., Arias, E., Anderson, R. N. (2013). How did cause of death contribute to racial differences in life expectancy in the United States in 2010?. McAninch, J., Greene, C., Sorkin, J. D., Lavoie, M. C., Smith, G. S. (2014). Higher psychological distress is associated with unintentional injuries in US adults. Injury prevention, 20(4), 258-265. Peden M, McGee K, Sharma G. The Injury Chartbook: A Graphical Overview of the Global Burden of Injuries. World Health Organization; 2002. Available at: https://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/924156220X.pdf. Turra, C. M., Elo, I. T. (2008). The impact of salmon bias on the Hispanic mortality advantage: New evidence from social security data. Population research and policy review, 27(5), 515. Wallace, M., Kulu, H. (2015). Mortality among immigrants in England and Wales by major causes of death, 19712012: a longitudinal analysis of register-based data. Social Science Medicine, 147, 209-221. World Health Organization. Injuries, Violence Prevention Department. (2002). The injury chart book: A graphical overview of the global burden of injuries. World Health Organization.

Market Entry free essay sample

Value chain outline Business model restructuration Domestic market 1. Analysis 2. Factors of success 4. International expension strategy 1. Management method 2. Analysis 3. Factors of success 5. 6. Value creation Debate   Top quality products Adapted and productive management style Group capacity to restructure and timulate other companies Value chain analysis good partnership Value Chain Outline Business model restructuration Domestic Market International expension strategy Value Creation Debate Value Chain Outline Business model restructuration International expension strategy Domestic Market 1984 1988 Zhang become Manager of Quingdao General Refrigiretor Factory Gold medal for product quality in national competition Value Creation 1989 1991 Chinese market face oversupply Diversification through aquisitions (eg, telecommunication, equipment†¦) Debate Raise the price and move to high quality strategy 1998 Operational restructuring Value Chain Outline Business model restructuration Domestic Market Diversification and internal reorganization ? 7 product divisions ? Glocal strategy: ? 4 Group-wide  « Development Divisions  » International expension strategy Value Creation Debate Value Chain Outline Business model restructuration Domestic Market International expension strategy Value Creation Debate Market share in 2004 Refrigerator Washing Machine Air conditioner 28% 18% 30% other ? ? ? By 2002, they accounted for 61% of industry profits. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Entry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From 1989 to 1996, the number of refrigerators producers :100 to 20 3 Chinese manufacturers = 60% of the market ? Kelon is the main competitor Value Chain Outline ? Business model restructuration Domestic Market After the Chinese entry in WTO: ? new entrants (Electrolux, Siemens†¦) ? Refrigerator unit sales: 31% in 2002 vs 26% in 2001 ? Automatic washing machine: 38% in 2002 vs 31% in 2001. ? Before 2000: ? Core profit ? state-owned department stores ? In 2004: ? individual specialized shops/ private retail International expension strategy Value Creation Debate % Haiers sales Domestic Chain International chain Licensed dealers Independent retail shops Government purchases. Management method Market responsiveness: focus on meeting customer needs Good after-sale service: offerings that Chinese customers was not accustomed (free replacement, warranty†¦) Distribution network: one single company (Haier logistics) serving the entire group, good network Be cautious: These points can be learnt, copied and imitated by multinationals International expension strategy Value Creation Debate Value Chain Outline ? ? Business model restructuration Domestic Market International expension strategy Value Creation Debate Key factor for international strategy Focus on market pressure: choose difficult market (eg. US, Europe)  « If we can succeed there we can succeed in easier market  » ? Look for hard challenges ? Focus on Human Resources assets ? Implement a  « local thinking  » ? Hire Local employees Value Chain Outline Business model restructuration Domestic Market International expension strategy Value Creation ? Since 1997: Willpower of a global expansion strategy (3third) ? Joint ventures ? Manufacturer of Liebherr (Germany): 8 top ranking ? 1999: Willpower of Haier to make a brand reputation overseas. Difference with the domestic rival Kelon ? Take example of the successful Japanese and Korean model. % of sales in the US an EU Export from China (% of total revenue) 1998 – 3% 2004 – 17% 1998 3% 2004 8,3% Overseas Made and Sold (% of total revenue) 2002 – 4,6% 2004 – 8,3% 70% of Haier overseas’ revenues come from developed markets Debate Value Chain Outline Business model restructuration Domestic Market.International expension strategy Value Creation Debate Focus on difficult (flat market) and highly competitive markets Penetrate the market with niche products Hire local people Make JV on five continents ? Benefit from existing networks. Pay close attention to market specifications Make  « response speed  » Satisfy customer needs Value Chain Outline Business model restructuration Domestic Market International expension strategy Value Creation Debate Growth leverage Restructuration Differentiation Know How After Sales Management Vision Market responsiveness Distribution Glocal Strategy Value Chain Outline ? ? Business model restructuration Domestic Market International expension strategy How would Haier evolve in order to gain more market share internationally and in their home market?

Japan Council for Sustainable Development

Japan Council for Sustainable Development Free Online Research Papers Even though the small country of Japan only occupies 0.3% of total land area and 2.3 % of our worlds total population, it receives about 20% of the worlds annual shipment carriages. This massive economy is only a recent phenomena brought about in the last 100 years. Although economic growth is good for a country it does bring about problems to the environment. Because of this, and Agenda 21, the Japan Council for Sustainable Development was established. The councils aim is to encourage and facilitate communication between the members concerning major issues of sustainable development. Before the council was even established Japan created the Basic environmental law which is the basis for all of japanese environmental policy. The law has a couple of basics for environmental policy. The enjoyment and succession of environmental blessings, creation of a sustainable society which imposes less burden on the environment, and international cooperation for the conservation of the global environment are three main principles for environmental policy. The National Agenda 21 Action Plan and the Basic Environmental Plan are two proposals devised to help make strong efforts towards effectively implementing and following Agenda 21 in Japan. The Basic Environmental Plan prescribes four long-term objectives which are environmentally-sound material cycle, harmonious coexistence, public participation, and international activities. An environmentally-sound material cycle is fostered by building a socio-economic system where environmental load from human activities is minimized. The relationship between humankind and the diverse wildlife and the natural environment is what Japan strives for to create a harmonious existence. Public Participation is a key to long-term effectiveness of Agenda 21. Participation of all members of a society in environmental conservation activities is major. If the public chooses not to follow the plan then the plan is nothing more than ideas with no actions so it is very important to get the public to agree and participate in environmental conservation. The import-export ratio in Japan is about 8 to 1, which is way higher than any other country. 500 million tons of industrial waste and 50 million tons of house hold wastes are made in Japan. Of the 500 tons of industrial waste 1/3 is recycled while others are incinerated and left to sit in land hills. Because of the huge amounts of wastes that flow into Japan a huge quantity of wastes are also made. Environmental Law in Japan seems to aim Japan in the right direction, but with such massive amounts of wastes produces it is hard to see immediate results. Without all the proposals by Japanese environmental law makers going as planned results will be hard to come by. Research Papers on Japan Council for Sustainable DevelopmentPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Case Study in B2B Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Case Study in B2B Marketing - Essay Example The company TCL has been stated to be quite established which provides its clients with a complete assortment of services related to marketing and advertising. The services entail advertising, website development, online marketing, direct marketing as well as public relations. The client list of the company consists of an extensive variety of companies ranging from furniture retailers, garden centres, local parks with theme and universities. The company is believed to have created a superior reputation for itself in terms of offering a dependable, consistent, proficient and gracious service. It is known to be engaged with the B2B marketing and thus the bulk of its respective business is believed to be attained with the help of reference selling or rather word-of-mouth suggestion. This advertising as well as marketing company has witnessed tough times in its business owing to the economic downturn which is making the company to entail certain required alterations in its marketing plan s for the reason of ensuring its survival in this environment. The marketing mix of the company TCL calls for the requirement of few alterations in order to meet up to the marketing aims ascertained by the company. The effectual and the competent formulation of a fresh or transformed marketing mix would need a lucid comprehension of the present marketing objectives or aims of the company. The company has been made to witness few challenges in terms of its existing business owing the recent economic downturn. The other grave challenge experienced by TCL has been measured to be the exceeding fragmentation of the market. The market in which the company operates has been found to be sectioned and consists of increased amount of small as well as

THE EFFECT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ON RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN MOUNTAINOUS Research Paper

THE EFFECT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ON RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN MOUNTAINOUS REGION - Research Paper Example Nature also influences the activities of these people in that the major vocation is cattle rearing an agro-forestry. The attitudes of the people are also supposed to be affected by the natural surroundings as people have limited expectations from life, which imparts a slower pace to life. Last but not least, the cultural attributes of mountain people is also a reflection of their natural ambience, which imparts color to their visual arts and costumes, adds distinctness to their folk culture and food habits, and also make them a distinct ecologically sensitive civilization. But all these factors also have contributed to mountain people being more vulnerable to the exploitation attempts by outsiders. THE EFFECT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ON RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN MOUNTAINOUS REGION Introduction Nature has a tendency to mold the life of the humans who inhabit it. In history, special traits have been attributed to specific groups of people inhabiting a specific geographical landscape. Natural surroundings of a people have been found to have an impact on their food, clothing, housing, social bonding, economy, culture and attitudes. Thus nature becomes an all-encompassing presence that gives meaning and definition to the lives of humans. It is in this context that the influence of nature on the rural settlements in mountainous regions is investigated here. Architecture It is observed that the typical character in the architecture of mountainous regions is that â€Å"the lack of technology is substituted by creativity and through trial and error in using available materials and basic building structures† (Habitat, 2001, pp.3). This is evident when we find that in mountain areas, people use stones more in constructing their houses because that is the most easily available material around (Habitat, 2001, pp.23). Another feature is that very little mortar is used in bonding the stones used to build the walls, which make them provide very good thermal control (Habitat, 2 001, pp.23). But a negative aspect of such stonewalls is that they prone to easy destruction by natural forces (Habitat, 2001, pp.23). To cope with the â€Å"contour layout† of the land, the houses in mountainous regions are usually arranged in a semicircular design (Habitat, 2001, pp.8). Mud brick or brick are used in construction because mud is the cheapest building material available (Habitat, 2001, pp.8). A house using these materials is also conducive for the cool climate of mountainous areas. By placing the houses along the valleys, the damage from wind is minimized and also more sunlight falls on the houses so that people can cope with the cool climate (Habitat, 2001, pp.10). In the study conducted by Habitat (2001) in Northern Iraq, it was found that houses were constructed facing southwards so that they get maximum sunlight (pp.10). The contour design is also useful in preventing landslides and allowing drainage of excess water during rains (Habitat, 2001, pp.12). Th is design, which is defined as â€Å"housing aggregation† becomes necessary also because such a structure is more convenient to defend, when there is an outside threat (Habitat, 2001, pp.10). The Kurdistan province of North West Iran is another example of a mountainous dwelling place (Bahrami,

The Impact of Digital TV on audiences and TV companies Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Digital TV on audiences and TV companies Essay Fifty years ago, TV was the new thing that would enhance our lives. Even up to this day, we still captivate ourselves to this evolving culture which has had such an impact to us. Just imagine if one of the worlds greatest events would not have been shown in TV (imagine people across America not watching the twin towers fall-what impact would it have on other people?). But these recent times, the advent of Digital Television is another step towards the progression of television itself. It opens a whole window of possibilities- more channels, more choices, better interactivity. Even the television companies itself will be given a new challenge by introducing this new technology to its current and future customers. It is up to them however to find the gap in the market to gain full advantage of Digital TV. When there is progression, so will be regression. Digital TV will not just catch on and be the next best thing instantly. There will be some people who will oppose to the idea and the companies will try and fight over viewing rights of channels. A recent Ofcom report said more than 60% of UK households now receive digital TV. With a digital switchover planned to take place from 2008-2012, should the government say yay or nay? Let us imagine ourselves when the digital switchover has taken place. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? First off, let us discuss the advantages of digital TV. It has a great appeal to the majority of people. Even though the cost of gaining access to one is still expensive experts say that the price of present digital subscriptions and hardware will drop dramatically after a few years. However, the cheapest free view set-top-box presently is as low as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25.00. Another advantage is that digital TV could allow the audience to pause record their programmes without the use of tapes. It is also said to be quicker and simpler process than the old VCR. In line with digital TV, the actual television set is changing. There are now ones that are called HDTV (high definition TV). This technology coupled with digital TV provides us with high quality video and sound that is dramatically noticeable. In more simple terms, pictures and sound will have more consistency and less interference. Digital TV has also embraced the convergence of interactivity. Extra information and interactive features now accompany most programmes. Compared to analogue TVs teletext, digital TVs interactivity takes it to a new level. It is more user-friendly and makes the viewer more involved. There is even an electronic programme guide which gives you far more information about programmes content. This hands-on approach is what makes digital TV unique. Of course, these advantages over the audiences equate to the benefits that companies and the government get. At the moment, there are 3 main ways to go digital: Satellite (SKY, Canal +, RAI, etc.), Cable (NTL and Telewest) and Freeview. At the moment, Satellite access is ahead in terms of market share with 7.1 million subscribers (Sky subscribers), followed by 3.9 million homes supplied by freeview and 2.5 million subscribers get their digital TV through cable. These statistics suggest that competition is fierce at the moment. It said up to 1.5 million boxes had been sold in the lead-up to Christmas, with 190,000 sold in each of the two weeks before the holidays. There might be fierce competition, but this is deemed to be a healthy competition. There will be a time when existing sales are starting to tail off. The introduction of the switch off will be a seizing opportunity for them to increase their sales. These opportunities are enhanced services-which adds value to a subscription (or in the case of freeviews, a sharp increase in set-top boxes and HDTVs-which is already happening). Recently, Sky has recently offered a new free satellite service called Sky FreeSat. It allows access to 140 non-subscription channels for a one-off fee. Even the likes of BBC and ITV are to launch a free-to-view satellite TV service to cater for viewers unable to receive Freeview digital coverage-and to rival the monopoly that Sky has. Also, in line with the HDTV technology, the BBC aims to produce 100% HD programmes by 2010. The government will also have some advantages over the switch off. When all the analogue signals have been switched off, those signals could be sold to telephone, communications or aerospace companies to make use of the cleaned up space. The countrys image is also on the line. It essentially propels the country into the digital age in order to gain a more competitive advantage. Furthermore, there are more opportunities for a better efficiency of the operation of government services reducing costs and keeping down taxes. I have used the word majority because there are people who are not in full favour of digital TV. There are also drawbacks for the companies and the government. Digital is an all or nothing technology. The pictures are either crystal clear or absent. In heavy rain or snow an analogue signal might give a grainy but watchable picture. Digital signals are more robust and will tolerate a high level of interference but, when conditions become too bad, both the picture and the sound will vanish. In addition, because all the work is done by an internal computer, it sometimes makes mistakes and the picture can disappear in a maze of coloured squares or simply freeze on the screen. However, this trade off between pictures which might always be grainy and crystal-clear pictures which occasionally disappear will be preferable to most people. Digital provides just one channel from the set top box at a time (the same as existing satellite TV receivers). You cant watch one digital channel and record another unless you: 1. Have more than one set top box 2. Keep your existing analogue satellite receiver 3. Continue to use analogue terrestrial TV (as long as the transmissions last about 5 10 years is anticipated) In a survey, when asked to identify the disadvantages of digital television, a third (32%) state that it is too expensive, 9% that you have to pay for a subscription, and 8% that there are too many channels and choice. Also, the 40% who do not have digital television yet will discover that the present cost of service is not attainable in their opinion. Of course, without the funding that the BBC get from the TV license lowered, they would obviously look to increase the cost threefold. The increase in the number of channels isnt without disadvantages. For viewers, the absence of original programming can lead to a feeling of nothing being on across hundreds of channels. Event programmes are also under threat; virtually gone are the days when 30 million people tuned into the same programme. For channel owners selling advertising time is increasingly difficult. Niche broadcasters may be advantageous in terms of reaching a specific target audience but many have official audience shares of 0%. There was even a study made by Dr Jeremy Klein claiming that Millions of people are not using digital TV because they find it too confusing. He says that Elderly and short-sighted people find it laborious and demanding changing channels. It is said that two million people are affected by this problem. As a result, the elderly and people with low-income will be put off with this news. They feel that it will be better to stick with the old and what they are used to. Companies are also having trouble with the changes.

G.C.S.E English and English Literature Coursework Poetry Assignment Ess

G.C.S.E English and English Literature Coursework Poetry Assignment We have been set the task to compare the ways in which the poems I have studied deal with the passing of time. The three poems are â€Å"To his Coy Mistress†, â€Å"Ozymandias† and â€Å"To the Virgins to Make Much of Time†. All three of the poems clearly deal with the passing of time in different ways. â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† is about a man telling a woman that if he had all the time in the world, he would spend it with her. In the â€Å"To the Virgins to Make Much of Time† a man is trying to persuade a woman to make much of her youth with the time she is given. â€Å"Ozymandias† is about time in a different way by saying no tyranny can beat time like the statue in the poem. This poem is different to â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† and â€Å"To the Virgins to Make Much of Time†. It’s not about love or anything else to do with the other poems but the passing of time. In the â€Å"To his Coy Mistress† by Andrew Marvell the poet wants to persuade his coy mistress to have a fiscal relationship with him. Marvell splits the poem into three different stanzas, each one with a different purpose. The first stanza is an introduction, Marvell speaks about what he wants to do with the Mistress, he speaks about time, and how it is not on their side. The second stanza introduces that time is their enemy; he uses fear in this section to try and persuade her. And in the final section he changes the person in which he writes in he now talks about 'we', he speaks about how when the couple are together they can tackle the problem of time. This is very well thought out because it is clear what he wants, he splits up the stanzas effectively and makes the whole picture clear in your head, and this is a... ...o are about someone who has most of hers yet to come. However they use different tactics to show the passage of time to the reader, and explore how time lasts as long as a person does. The poets both use day tones to help them convey this, they are day the time that has or will pass. In Ozymandias the day is for something that was once hugely impressive but over time has deteriorated into nothing, whilst in the other two poems the mourning is for something that over time to come will lapse into nothingness – person’s life. I thought that â€Å"Ozymandias† was the most appealing. I think this because it’s different to the other two poems and sometimes different is better. It shows use that even if something is hugely impressive, over time it will deteriorate into nothing. I think it shows this in a very effective way and could appeal to many different people.

Karl Marx Philosophy Essay

Karl Marx is regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of the 19th century. He was born and raised in Prussia and got influenced by Ludwig Feuerbach amongst other radical Hegelians. Though he subscribed to the Hegelian belief regarding the dialectical structure and the historical inevitability, Karl Marx believed that the fundamental reality was to be found in the material base of the economy as opposed to the conceptual ideal found in philosophy. Marx graduated with a doctoral degree at Jena in the year 1841 after writing about the materialism and atheism of Greek atomists. He later moved to Koln where he established a radical newspaper known as Rheinische Zeitung becoming its editor. He later moved to France and Belgium where he practiced some journalism before he finally settled in England in the year 1849 (Kemerling, para 1). Here he lived in poor conditions and engaged in the study and development of his theories that cut across politics and economy. Karl Marx was of the belief that philosophy should be practical in order to change the world. This paper shall discuss the philosophical works of Karl Marx and how his work was regarded in the capitalistic society of the time. Karl Marx’s Philosophy Karl Marx’s work was primarily based on the economy. In his work that was published in 1844 entitled ‘Economic and Political Manuscripts of 1844’, Marx presents an argument that the circumstances of the current industrial societies usually leads to workers being alienated from their own labor. He reviewed a book by Bruno Baier, ‘On the Jewish Question’ and concluded that religion had great influence on the political situation in Europe at the time. He was of the view that Europe needed restructuring that could only be brought about through revolutionary activities. Marx went further to elaborate on his economic theories in subsequent works that included the ‘Capital’ of 1867-95 and ‘Theory of surplus value’ of 1862 (Kemerling, para 2). Karl Marx in conjunction with his colleague Friedrich Engels published their work entitled ‘The Communist Manifesto’ in the year 1848 which was aimed at initiating social revolution. In this work, the two focused on the struggles that are experienced between the social classes of the proletariats and bourgeoisies. It also elaborates on the distinction between the communism and other forms of socialist movements. This piece of work also proposes the various social reforms and encourages the laborers to revolt against the incumbent regimes (Kemerling, para 3). Karl Marx and the Historical Materialism Karl Marx’s take on the historical materialism was greatly influenced by Hegel’s argument that human history should be viewed based on the dialectical aspect. Karl Marx developed a link between the Hegelian dialect and the materialism of his time. To Marx, human history was influenced by economics. He argued that from the beginning of times, humans have never been motivated by ideologies but instead, they have usually been motivated by material concerns. This includes the need to eat and to continue to exist. This forms the basis for the historical materialism as propounded by Marx (Tucker, p 12). Marx observes that, initially humans used to work together and in unity, however, the development of agriculture and the issue of private property ownership spoilt the collective style of living. Agriculture and private ownership of property gave rise to the division of labor and differentiation in the society leading to different classes that were based on power and wealth. Eventually, all this led to social conflicts which are characterizing the capitalistic society in which we live (Tucker, p 15). Capitalism has worsened the situation by increasing the disparities between the haves and have-nots. Karl Marx postulated that the class struggles are inevitable given the historical forces which can not be controlled by individuals. He also claimed that capitalism came up with a new misery which he termed as â€Å"exploitation of surplus value† (German, para 18). Marx agitated for an economy that would involve the exchanging of value in commensurate measures. In this regard, Marx argued that the value of the laborers could be determined simply by their labor input in production of goods and services. Capitalism was seen as exploitative as it driven by profit motives and Marx argued that the profits originate from the surplus value that is produced by the laborers. Capitalism therefore was seen as having the desire to produce an unbalanced exchange system where they exchange less for greater value (Tucker, p 25). The communist manifesto This was compiled following a combined effort of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and published in 1848. The Communist Manifesto is regarded as one of the most influential political work to have ever been published. The writing of the Manifesto was commissioned by the Communist League and written by the two respected figures Marx and Engels and it provided the League with purpose and program of their duties. In this work, analysis of class struggles and problems associated with capitalism are well elaborated (German, para 6). The manifesto explains that historically, human society has been characterized by class struggles. These struggles become essential in determining the reorganization of work and way of life in general through a revolutionary means. In their view, Marx and Engels observed that in case the struggles fail to have a breakthrough, then the society is doomed to slide backwards instead of leaping forward. Historically, the society had been shaped with such struggles as observed in England in 1640s and France in the late 18th century where the bourgeoisies prevailed over feudalism. Engels and Marx theorized that the bourgeoisie’s revolutions were to spread in other parts of Europe hence ushering in a rapid growth in the forces of production. In return, there will be rapid growth of the working class which will in turn precipitate the proletariat revolution (Marx, Engels & Jones, p 45). Karl Marx and Engels believed that capitalism was in the process of establishing itself and causing destruction to the feudalism that had preceded it. The two believed that capitalism would later create the prerequisite conditions for the establishment of socialism. They believed that this was going to happen since capitalism was aimed at creating mass production and a revolutionary working class. The Communist Manifesto provides a sketch of capitalism development which is marked by the rise of towns during the Middle Ages, voyages that gave rise to merchant capitalism, and the growth of manufacturing sector that was meant to address the new market demands (Marx, Engels & Jones, p 48). The working class is described by Karl Marx and Engels as those who do not own the means of production. They thus earn their living through laboring for those with the means of production. They become enslaved to the machinery and their lives are dominated by exploitative processes. The workers then shall become collectively organized through trade unions and political organizations. The perennial struggle between the classes leads to solidarity and Marx and Engels believe that this class is the sure revolutionary class based on the position they occupy in the workplace. Since they hold the potential to run the production of wealth in the society, the working class is seen to be potential leaders of the revolution. The revolution that Marx and Engels anticipated was to result in a classless society as opposed to the previous revolutions that had only managed to lead to ruling classes being replaced by a small group of individuals. The revolution by the working class would abolish the stratified society to emancipate all the dispossessed (German, para 11). Conclusion According to Marx, individuals are born into the world in which they do not have much control. They are supposed to follow the conventional rules like everyone else. He however proposed a breakthrough to the predetermined nature of life by offering an alternative in the name of communism. Marx called for the overthrow of the bourgeoisies through the revolutionary activities of the proletariats or the laborers. The working class was called upon to unite and revolt against what he termed as oppressive capitalist regime. However, it can be argued that this utopian view of society was unachievable since naturally, the human society gets divided into the leaders and the followers. Even if the working class was to overthrow the bourgeoisie, there was going to be very little change in the social structuring contrary to what Karl Marx had believed. The laborers are bound to categorize themselves into different groups and the exploitation would continue to be felt amongst the different classes. Nevertheless, Karl Marx gave us a political philosophy which would later contribute immensely to the shaping of the world politics as communism remains a significant force in world politics. Work Cited German, Lindsey. Reflections on the Communist Manifesto. Retrieved on 6th May 2010 from; http://pubs. socialistreviewindex. org. uk/isj79/german. htm. Kemerling, Garth. Karl Marx (1818-1883). 2006. Retrieved on 6th May 2010 from; http://www. philosophypages. com/ph/marx. htm. Marx, Karl; Friedrich Engels & Gareth Stedman Jones. The communist manifesto. 2002. London: Penguin. Tucker, Robert C. Philosophy & myth in Karl Marx. 2000. New Brunswick, N. J. : Transaction.

Different Ways to Write the Letter A

Business Law Case Anaylsis Outline - 1068 Words

Outline I. General Facts a. Jennifer, William’s wife, has a friend Thomas who is a promoter for a corporation dealing with e-learning services that is in the process of incorporating and needs a real estate agent to purchase assets for which Jennifer has agreed to do. b. Jennifer found a property and was able to have the seller and the buyer sign all the necessary paper work for the contract to be sent off to be closed. i. The conditions of the closing were that there was no deposit to be paid but that a special clause was to be included. c. When the closing date arrived, Thomas, representing his un-incorporated business, did not have the funds. II. Facts relevant to legal issue a. The buyer was not able to fulfill the contract.†¦show more content†¦e. William stumbles upon Marks application and notices that the section asking if you have ever been arrested was not filled out. VIII. Ethical issue a. The ethical issue is whether William should inform his supervisor about Mark’s behavior and application mishap. IX. Analysis a. Know your facts i. Mark’s unethical behavior, lying on the application. b. State the issue i. Should William tell his boss? c. Analyze and support i. Utilitarianism – â€Å"Ethical choices that offer the greatest good for greatest number of people† (Ethics Textbook, pg. 8) ii. It benefits more stakeholders if he tells iii. None of the things that were spilled to William by Mark that night could make a good impression of him nor will it benefit the company as stated in the company’s code of ethics. d. Answer with logic i. He should tell his supervisor before Mark officially begins work. ii. Effects 1. Personal life – William/Mark relationship 2. William’s relationship with his supervisor 3. Mark’s potential relationship with his co-workers 4. The company’s image in and out of the workplace X. Conclusion/recommendation a. I recommend for William to tell his supervisor about the information that he learned about Mark at the pub in order to save himself from humiliation as well as the time and efforts lost by the company for bringing in an employee who is not ethically fit to work for the company. b. I had a personal incident veryShow MoreRelatedIpo : A Case Of Alibaba Ipo9878 Words   |  40 Pagesprocess – A case of Alibaba IPO ç ³ » åˆ « å› ½Ã©â„¢â€¦Ã¥â€¢â€ Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã©â„¢ ¢ ä ¸â€œ ä ¸Å¡ Ã¥ · ¥Ã¥â€¢â€ Ã§ ® ¡Ã§ â€  Ã¥ §â€œ Ã¥   Gabriela Garcia Soesanto æ” »Ã¨ ¯ »Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¤ ½  ç ® ¡Ã§ â€ Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¥ £ « Ã¥ ¯ ¼ Ã¥ ¸Ë† Prof. Ren Kang Yu Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã§ ¨ ¿Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å"Ÿ 2015 Ã¥ ¹ ´ 6 æÅ"ˆ 8 æâ€" ¥ Study on IPO process– A case of Alibaba IPO A Thesis Submitted To International Business School of Beijing

Book Report on Silent Spring - 1394 Words

INTRODUCTION In the book Silent spring written by Rachael Carson we find a picture of Carson s deep concept about the connection between nature’s equilibrium and the web of life that has been ruined by the uncontrolled use of insecticides which in turn affected the healthy livelihood of this earth’s creatures. Furthermore, she tells the readers of substitute techniques of achieving the same ends. The title of the book is enough to make us understand that it was a hint of a spring season with no bird songs painting our atmosphere meaning that all birds had vanished due to misuse of pesticides. DISCUSSION The book starts with a story of a town in America. Carson explains the town as being very beautiful and lively where†¦show more content†¦She tries to get across the fact that the aerial spraying campaigns to kill the gypsy moth in the northern states and the fire ant in the southern states were very much damaging, ineffective and also expensive. This incident had a chain reaction resulting in crop failure, hurting wildlife and also cattle products (such as milk) and vegetables were found having DDT and thus unhealthy for human consumption. Carson lets us know that people are a victim to daily chemical poisoning in even minute doses. She goes into the very details of domestic appliances and necessities. Carson talks about many things that don t seem to be much of a danger on a daily basis to a regular person. Things such as bug sprays, lotions, paints and varnishes, and even a pocket-sized insecticide dispenser are brought up to help demonstrate the everyday risks we encounter. â€Å"Only yesterday mankind lived in fear of the scourges of smallpox, cholera, and plague†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 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Principles of Law Certain Elements †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Law Certain Elements. Answer: Introduction: On account of the facts that have been supplied in this problem, the issue raises a valid contract exists between Josie and Sam. The reason behind this issue is that Sam visited Josie's studio and particularly like a painting for sunflowers. The price of the painting was mentioned as $900, but Sam made an offer t purchase it for $700. However Josie said he will not accept anything less than $800. Sam was ready to pay this price, but he asked Josie, if he could hold the painting for some time so that his wife may also approve the decision. Under these circumstances, Josie made an offer to sell the painting at a price of $800, and also agreed that the offer will remain open till midnight on Tuesday. However, on Monday, an art enthusiast visited the studio and offered to purchase the painting for $900. Therefore, Josie, sold the painting to Wendy and left a message at the answering machine of Sam. However, the answering machine was not working for last few days. On Tuesday, Sam finally decided to purchase the painting at the price of $800, and his wife also approved it. Therefore he made a phone call to Josie but the call disconnected before Sam could accept the offer. After one hour, Sam decided to post a letter to Josie in which he had accepted the offer made by Josie. Therefore the issue is if Sam as a legally enforceable contract with Josie. In order to decide the present issue, the principles of the law of contract need to be applied. In this context, it is worth mentioning that there are certain elements that are considered as being essential for the formation of a valid contract. If any of these essential elements is not present, the agreement between the parties is not considered as legally binding. The first such essential element is that of an offer. An offer or a promise of agreement should be present in a valid contract. The reason is that if there is no further, there can be no contract. Therefore, the first essential element is an offer. For the purpose of creating a valid contract, it is very significant that a party to the agreement should have made an offer (Sweeney, OReilly and Coleman, 2013). In order to make an offer, there should be at least two parties to the agreement. However, the law provides that an offer can also be made to world at large. This happened in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1892), where the offer made by the company was considered to be an offer made to the whole world. In such a case, the offer can be accepted by any person who performs the conditions mentioned in the offer. In this way, and offer can be described as an invitation that has been communicated by one party to the agreement and the other, inviting the party to enter into a legally enforceable contract on the specified terms. In order to be considered as an offer under the contract law, it is required to be established that the offeror intended to bound by the offer (Harvey v Facey, 1893). At the same time, it is also very significant to distinguish an offer from a mere invitation to treat. The reason is that in case of an invitation to treat, offers are invited from the other party. Therefore, while the acceptance of an offer results in the creation of a binding contract, according to law an invitation to treat is not capable of being accepted as it is only an request for offers. An example of an invitation to deal can be given in the form of an advertisement (Graw, 2011). In the same way, the goods that have been displayed in the shops are also an invitation to treat even if a price tag accompanies the goods. The reason is that in such cases, the offer can be made by the buyer, who is willing to buy the goods. Therefore in such a case it is for the trader t o make a decision if he wants to accept the offer or not. This was held in (Pharmaceutical Society v Boots, 1953. On these grounds, the court stated in Fisher v Bell (1961) that the display of flick knives in the shop window along with their price does not amount to the violation of a law, which prohibited the sale of such knifes. Likewise, generally advertisements are also treated to be invitations to treat (Partridge v Crittenden, 1968), however, there can be certain cases where even an advertisement may be considered as an offer (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball co, 1893). In the present case also, the paintings displayed in the studio of Josie, along with their price tag does not amount to an offer, but there will merely an invitation to treat. In this scenario, while making the offer to sell the painting to Sam at a price of $800, Josie had also written that the offer will remain open until Tuesday. However, he sold the painting to Wendy on Monday itself. Under these circumstances, the issue arises if the promise made by Josie to give offer open till Tuesday was legally enforceable or not. In this regard, the law provides that a promise to keep the offer open, cannot be enforced by the other party unless such promise is supported by consideration. In the present case, no consideration was supplied by Sam to support the promise made by Josie that he will not sell the painting till Tuesday. The relevant decision in this regard is that of Dickinson v Dodds (1876). In this case, an offer was made by the defendant to sell his house to the plaintiff. In this regard, the defendant made a promise that the offer will remain open until Friday. However, on Thursday, a third party made an offer to purchase the house and this offer was accepted by the defendant. Then the defendant requested his friend to go and tell the plaintiff that the offer was revoked. After hearing this, the plaintiff brings to the defendant's house on Friday morning with a view to accept the offer. Under these circumstances, plaintiff brought an action against the defendant seeking the specific performance of the contract. However, the court arrived at the conclusion that in this case the offer has been effectively revoked. The result is that no contract has been created between the parties. As a result, the court stated that there was no obligation to present on part of the defendant to keep the offer open until Friday. The reason given by the court in support of this finding was that no consideration has been provided by the claimant in exchange of this promise. Under these circumstances, the law of contract provides that the offeror can withdraw the offer at any time before the offer is accepted by the other party unless consideration h as been provided to keep the offer open (Latimer, 2016). Another issue present in this case is if the postal rule of acceptance is applicable in the present case, and it can be said that the offer needs to be accepted when Sam had posted the letter containing acceptance in the mailbox. As mentioned above, offer and acceptance are considered as the most fundamental parts in contract law on which depends the existence of the contract between the parties. However, the postal rule has been introduced as an exception to the universal rule related offer and acceptance. According to the general rule, the law of contract provides that an offer can be withdrawn at any time prior to its acceptance by the other party. Therefore, the general rule is that acceptance is considered to be communicated when it has been received by the offeror. However, the exception to the general rule is present in the form of the postal rule. In Adams v Lindsell (1818), the court came up with this rule. The question in this case was to decide when was the moment of the formation of the contract by post? As a result of the delay in the communication by post, the parties cannot be aware of the fact if the communication of the acceptance has been made or not. This resulted in a number of problems, a nd hence the court came up with this rule. This rule provides that when post has been contemplative as the means of sending the acceptance, the communication of the acceptance of the offers will be considered to be complete as soon as the letter containing acceptance has been posted. While in case of face-to-face communication, there is no uncertainty regarding the exact moment of the formation of the contract. In the same way, when instantaneous modes of communication have been used, this problem is not present. However in the present case, the postal rule cannot be applied and it cannot be said that the communication of the acceptance of offer made by Josie is complete the moment the letter carrying the acceptance of the offer was placed in the mailbox by Sam. The reason is that in the present case, before Sam could have accepted the offer, the same was withdrawn by Josie. He had already sold the painting to Wendy on Monday itself and left a message for Sam on his answering machine. Although Sam had not heard the message left by Josie, but in the present case, it was not available to Sam to accept the offer made by Josie to purchase the painting at a price of $800 on Tuesday. The reason is that the painting has been sold by Josie on Monday itself. In this question, the issue is if there has been a breach of contract, what other remedies that may be available to the other party. Damages and liquidated claims are the remedies available to an innocent party in the common law for a breach of contract. The damages awarded for a breach of contract and considered as a substitute for performance. As a result, they are intended to place the plaintiff in the same position in which he or she would have been if the contract was properly perform. Generally punitive damages are not awarded. It is also required that the loss should not be too remote from the breach and the non-breaching party should have done everything that we could reasonably do to reduce the damage suffered by it. Liquidated damages are available when there is a clause present in the contract, which provides that a particular amount of money have to be paid in case of a breach of contract, provided such sum does not amount to a penalty. Therefore in such a case the innocent party may claim this liquidated amount instead of the unliquidated damages. Equitable remedies: The main equitable remedies that may be available in case of breach are specific performance and injunctions. The remedy of specific performance can be described as an order directing the breaching party to perform the contract in a particular way. However such an order will be made only if adequate compensation cannot be provided by damages. Similarly, the remedy of specific performance is not available in case of the contracts related with personal service. Similarly, injunctions are the orders that direct the party not to do something, for example not to continue with the breach. It has often been stated that the application of the rule provided in Pinnel's case has resulted in hardships. Therefore, there can be certain circumstances where it may appear to the courts as unfair to apply this rule. For this purpose, it becomes important to examine the rule provided in Pinnel's case and also the impact it has caused on the notion of consideration. Therefore it has to evaluate the troubles associated with the application of this rule, the subsequent exceptions that were developed to deal with these problems and discuss the most important exception to this rule, promising estoppel and how it can solve the problems that may arise as a result of the application of Pinnel's Rule. According to the rule provided in Pinnel's case, it has been mentioned that the payment of a smaller amount does not totally discharged the debt obligation. The reason is that in such a case the promise made by the creditor not to sue for the balance amount is not supported by consideration and consequently, it is not enforceable by the debtor (Re Pinnel's Case, 1602). The court was of the opinion in Pinnels case that the payment of smaller amount on due date as the satisfaction of a larger amount cannot be treated as the satisfaction of the entire debt. However the court said that gifting a horse, hawk or a robe can be good satisfaction. The reason is that in such cases it can be planned that the horse, hawk or robe can be more beneficial for the petitioner as compared to cash. Under certain circumstances or otherwise it would not be accepted by the plaintiff in satisfaction of the debt. It was also stated by the court that the paying and accepting a smaller amount on a date before the specified date mentioned in the original agreement may also be treated as valid consideration, because the early repayment of debt is something more than the required under the original agreement. Sometimes, this rule is also known as the rule stated in Foakes v Beer (1884). Here a judgment was obtained against Foakes for debt and costs. It was settled by Foakes that the debt will be settled by paying 500 pounds and 150 pounds in half yearly installments. On the other hand, Beer, agreed that we will not take further action on the judgment. Ultimately, the amount of the debt was paid by Foakes, but Beer, tried to claim interest on the judgment debt that had accumulated as a result of the statues. Therefore the court stated that interest can be recovered by Beer due to the reason that the payment of a smaller sum cannot be treated as consideration for the assurance that further action will not be taken on the judgment. However, the rule provided in Pinnel's case has faced criticism for many years. These rules allow the creditors to revert on their promise and still assert the remaining amount. For example, in Couldery v Bartrum (1881), Jessel MR has stated that under the common law, a creditor can accept whatever thing as the satisfaction of the debt other than a smaller amount. Therefore, the creditor can accept the horse, a canary but as a result of an strange peculiarity of the common law, he is not allowed to take 19 shillings and 6 pence in the pound. The result is that the rule provided by the court in Pinnel's case has faced much criticism from the judges because it allows the creditor to retract from their promise to discharge the debt and claim the rest of the amount. As a result of this unpopularity of the rule, a number of exceptions were developed to this rule. These exceptions can be described as follows: When the creditor had agreed to allow a lesser amount along with something in kind, it is conceded that the debt is released; The payment of a smaller amount before the due date of the repayment of the debt provides a legally enforceable discharge to the debtor, provided the payment was made at the request of the creditor; Payment of a smaller amount at a different place, or indifferent currency can also act as a legally enforceable discharge if done at the request of the creditor; Any other act that is not required to be done by the debtor under the contract may also result in legally enforceable discharge of the debt; The defense of promissory estoppel As a result of the inconvenience created by this rule, which provided that the part payment of debt is not a valid consideration in return for a promise to forgo the whole debt, resulted in the creation of promissory estoppels doctrine. According to this doctrine, a person is not allowed to go back upon a promise that such person will not enforce strict contractual rights when the promisee had acted by relying on such a promise and will suffer a detriment in the promisor is allowed to go back on the promise. Such a case happened in Central London Property v High Trees (1947). In this case, Central London had let a block of flats in London to High Trees Ltd. During the war, it was difficult to fill all the flats. Therefore, Central London agreed that it will decrease the rent to 1250 pounds during the war. After the war, the building was fully let. Therefore, Central London was successful in claiming the rent at original rate for the last two quarters of 1945. However Dening J stated that if Central London would have claimed the rent at the original rate during 1942 to 1945, it would fail. The reason is that in such a case, it would be estopped from claiming their strict legal right for the full payment of rent by their promise to accept the lesser amount. In this way, although the rule provided in Pinnel's case is correct, but it has this much criticism from the judges. And as a result, several exceptions were developed to the application of this rule. References Graw, Parker, Whitford, Sangkuhl, 2015, Understanding Business Law 7th ed LexisNexis Butterworths Latimer, P, 2016, Australian Business Law CC, 2016 Edition. Stephen Graw, 2011, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, 7th Ed., Thomson Reuters. Sweeney, OReilly Coleman, 2013, Law in Commerce, 5th Ed., LexisNexis. Vermeesch,R B, Lindgren, K E, 2011, Business Law of Australia Butterworths, 12th Edition,. Adams v Lindsell ([1818] 1 B Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball co [1893] 1 QB 25 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1 Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd. (1947) KB 130 Couldery v Bartrum (1881) 19 ChD 394 at 399 Fisher v Bell [1961] 1 QB 394 Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605 Harvey v Facey [1893] UKPC 1 Partridge v Crittenden (1968) 2 All ER 425 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1953] 1 QB 401 Pinnel's case (1602) 77 ER 237